The characteristics of stereoelectroencephalography in drug-resistant epileptic spasms / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To analyze the characteristics of stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) in children with drug-resistant epileptic spasms (ES), and to explore the surgical strategy of children with spastic seizure under the guidance of SEEG.Methods:The clinical data of 156 children with ES who were preoperatively evaluated in the Department of Neurosurgery Ward 3, Tsinghua University Yuquan Hospital from January 2014 to December 2021 were retrospectively reviewed.All children were evaluated in the second stage of stereotactic electrode placement after a non-invasive preoperative evaluation.The characteristics of intracranial EEG, surgical strategy and prognosis were analyzed.Results:A total of 19 eligible children were included, involving 13 boys and 6 girls.The age of first onset and surgical age of them ranged 1 month to 4 years, and 2 years to 13 years, respectively.The SEEG was divided into 3 types in children with ES at the onset.Five children were SEEG type A, presenting with the focal seizure discharges at the beginning and a gradual propagation to widespread fast-wave bursts.Ten children were SEEG type B, presenting a focal leading spike followed by diffused fast-wave bursts.Four children were SEEG type C, presenting a diffuse fast wave rhythm onset.Although some electrode discharges appeared slightly " leading", they covered more than one brain region.After focal resection or thermocoagulation, 13/19 patients did not have the onset of seizures, and 5/19 and 8/19 were graded as SEEG type A, and B, respectively.During the intermittent period of SEEG attacks in children with SEEG type A and B, a significant phenomenon of focal epileptic discharge consistent with the onset of the attack was observed, and surgical removal of these areas effectively controlled spastic seizures.Conclusions:Epileptic spasms may be triggered by a focal neocortical discharge.Intracranial EEG showed that the focal seizure onset evolves into spasm or a focal " leading spike" is a good indicator of surgical prognosis.

Impacto psicosocial del desarrollo científico-técnico en el estudio de la epilepsia

Introducción: Se ha planteado que no existe otra enfermedad asociada a tantos problemas sociales como lo es la epilepsia. Objetivo: Describir el impacto social del desarrollo científico-técnico en el estudio de la epilepsia. Método: Se realizó una revisión narrativa a partir del estudio documental de varias fuentes bibliográficas encontradas en base de datos electrónicas. Los principales criterios de búsqueda fueron: artículos publicados en los últimos 10 años sobre impacto psicosocial del desarrollo científico-técnico en el estudio de la epilepsia. Desarrollo: El efecto sobrenatural atribuido a la epilepsia, con su consecuente repercusión social, es resultado de especulaciones provocadas por siglos de falsas creencias sobre esta enfermedad. El impacto social de la enfermedad es negativo, genera problemas financieros, de aislamiento, de exclusión social y discriminación. Se plantea que la epilepsia tiene gran influencia en todos los niveles de calidad de vida. Las anomalías detectadas por las novedosas técnicas de estudio por neuroimagen en la epilepsia se han relacionado con el deterioro cognitivo, refractariedad de la enfermedad y otros hallazgos que pueden estar relacionados indirectamente con las alteraciones psicosociales de los pacientes. Consideraciones finales: La epilepsia, además del daño orgánico, genera consecuencias psicosociales negativas que limitan el desempeño saludable de los enfermos. En los últimos años los adelantos científico-técnicos han limitado de forma parcial los efectos sociales negativos de la enfermedad con la incorporación de novedosas tecnologías para su estudio y tratamiento.

Introduction: Views has been expressed that there is no disease more linked with social problems than epilepsy. Objective: To describe the social impact of scientific and technological development on the study of epilepsy. Method: A narrative review was carried out supported on the documentary research of several bibliographic sources found in electronic databases. The main search criteria were as follow: articles published in the last 10 years, which had relation with aspects concerning the psychosocial impact of scientific and technological development on the study of epilepsy. Development: The supernatural effect attributes to epilepsy, including its social repercussions, is the result of centuries of speculative theories and false beliefs about this disease. Epilepsy has negative impact on social well-being, causing serious economic problems, isolation, social exclusion and discrimination. Epilepsy is described as a disease with a great influence on all levels of quality of life. The abnormalities detected using novel neuroimaging techniques referred to the presence of cognitive impairment, refractory period and other aspects which may be indirectly related to psychosocial alterations in patients. Final considerations: Epilepsy, in addition to its traumatic effects, has negative psychosocial consequences that affect the healthy performance of patients. In recent years, the scientific and technological advancements have partially limited the negative social effects causes by this disease with the use of new technologies for its study and treatment.

Introdução: Tem sido sugerido que não há outra doença associada a tantos problemas sociais quanto a epilepsia. Objetivo: Descrever o impacto social do desenvolvimento científico-técnico no estudo da epilepsia. Método: Realizou-se revisão narrativa a partir do estudo documental de diversas fontes bibliográficas encontradas em bases de dados eletrônicas. Os principais critérios de busca foram: artigos publicados nos últimos 10 anos sobre o impacto psicossocial do desenvolvimento científico-técnico no estudo da epilepsia. Desenvolvimento: O efeito sobrenatural atribuído à epilepsia, com sua consequente repercussão social, é fruto de especulações causadas por séculos de falsas crenças sobre essa doença. O impacto social da doença é negativo, gera problemas financeiros, isolamento, exclusão social e discriminação. Sugere-se que a epilepsia tenha grande influência em todos os níveis da qualidade de vida. As anormalidades detectadas pelas novas técnicas de estudo de neuroimagem na epilepsia têm sido relacionadas à deterioração cognitiva, refratariedade da doença e outros achados que podem estar indiretamente relacionados às alterações psicossociais dos pacientes. Considerações finais: A epilepsia, além dos danos orgânicos, gera consequências psicossociais negativas que limitam o desempenho saudável dos pacientes. Nos últimos anos, os avanços técnico-científicos limitaram parcialmente os efeitos sociais negativos da doença com a incorporação de novas tecnologias para seu estudo e tratamento.

Evolución clínica, cognitiva y calidad de vida posquirúrgica en un caso con síndrome de Lennox Gastaut

Introducción: El síndrome de Lennox Gastaut se considera una encefalopatía epiléptica. Las anomalías epileptiformes en este síndrome contribuyen a la discapacidad intelectual gradual, a las comorbilidades psiquiátricas y alteraciones conductuales. En la práctica clínica aparecen atipicidades del síndrome, con focalización funcional cuyo tratamiento constituye un desafío. Objetivo: Describir la evolución clínica, cognitiva y calidad de vida en un caso con síndrome de Lennox Gastaut antes, y después del tratamiento quirúrgico. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 16 años con síndrome de Lennox Gastaut. Se revisó la historia clínica y se tomaron en consideración, los resultados del video-electroencefalograma, de la resonancia magnética nuclear y de la tomografía computarizada por emisión de fotón único. Se evaluó, además, el proceder quirúrgico, la evaluación clínica y neuropsicológica. Se realizó una descripción cualitativa de la evolución del paciente a los 6 meses y al año de la intervención quirúrgica. Conclusiones: el paciente con síndrome de Lennox Gastaut presentó una evolución favorable después del tratamiento quirúrgico, lo cual se reflejó en una disminución en la frecuencia de las crisis. mejoría cognitiva, conductual y mejor calidad de vida.

Introduction: Lennox Gastaut syndrome is considered an epileptic encephalopathy. Epileptiform abnormalities in this syndrome contribute to gradual intellectual disability, psychiatric comorbidities and behavioral disturbances. In clinical practice, atypicalities of the syndrome appear with functional focalization whose treatment constitutes a challenge. Objective: To describe the clinical and cognitive evolution and quality of life in a case with Lennox Gastaut syndrome before and after surgical treatment. Case presentation: A 16-year-old male patient with Lennox Gastaut syndrome. The clinical history was reviewed and the results of the video-electroencephalogram, nuclear magnetic resonance and single photon emission computed tomography were taken into consideration. The surgical procedure, clinical and neuropsychological evaluation were also evaluated. A qualitative description of the patient's evolution past 6 months and one year after surgery was prepared. Conclusions: the patient with Lennox Gastaut syndrome has a favorable evolution after surgical treatment, which is reflected in a decrease in seizure frequency, cognitive and behavioral improvement and better quality of life.

Tratamiento quirúrgico en estado epiléptico super refractario relacionado con malformación arterio venosa

Introducción: Las malformaciones arteriovenosas cerebrales (MAV) son un conjunto anormal de arterias y venas dilatadas del cerebro y caracterizadas por la pérdida de la organización vascular con una derivación arteriovenosa anormal. La probabilidad de ruptura de una MAV es baja, pudiendo causar déficit hasta en el 45% de los pacientes. La epilepsia puede asociarse con MAV siendo raro el estado epiléptico. La evolución a estado epiléptico refractario o estado epiléptico super refractario (EESR) es excepcional. Se presenta paciente con epilepsia asociada a MAV, con embolización y posterior complicación que evoluciona a EESR, donde se logró una resolución favorable con cirugía. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 70 años, con MAV temporal derecha no rota y epilepsia, libre de crisis desde el diagnóstico de ambas condiciones. Se realizó embolización logrando exclusión, pero con evolución a EESR. Tras estudio se realiza resección de MAV y resección parcial de zona de inicio de actividad epileptógena parieto-temporal. Además, se realizó una desconexión de región fronto-parietal central donde había evidencia de propagación de la actividad epiléptica. Paciente logra salir de estado crítico, con recuperación de conciencia y normalización de electroencefalogramas posquirúrgicos. A los 2 años evoluciona con epilepsia controlada (Engel IIa). Discusión y conclusiones: El abordaje quirúrgico es una opción en EESR y debe plantearse en un tiempo precoz de evolución (1-2 semanas). La cirugía se realizó para controlar EESR y fue una intervención exitosa. Esta estrategia puede lograr un cambio dramático en el pronóstico. La cirugía resectiva está indicada cuando hay evidencia etiológica en imágenes y focalidad eléctrica consistente en los estudios.

Introduction: Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM) are an abnormal set of dilated arteries and veins within the brain and are characterized by loss of vascular organization with an abnormal arteriovenous shunt. The probability of AVM rupture is low, but it can cause deficits in up to 45% ofpatients. Epilepsy could be associated with AVM, and status epilepticus is rare. The evolution to refractory status epilepticus or super refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) is very rare. The objective is to present a patient with epilepsy associated with non-ruptured AVM, treated with embolization and a subsequent complication that evolves into SRSE, in which a favorable resolution was achieved after surgery Clinical case: 70-year-old male, with a diagnosis of non-ruptured right temporal AVM and epilepsy, who has been seizure free since the diagnosis, is reported. Embolization of the AVM was performed, achieving total exclusion, after the procedure presented seizures that evolved into SRSE. After investigation, an AVM resection and partial resection of the ictal onset zone on the right parieto-temporal region was performed, including a disconnection of the central fronto-parietal region, where there was evidence of propagation of ictal activity. Patient recovered from the critical condition after surgery, and also presented electrographic normalization. After 2 years, the epilepsy is well controlled (Engel IIa). Discussion and conclusions: The surgical approach is an option in SRSE, and it should be proposed early on, within a reasonable time of evolution (1-2 weeks). The active approach in this case, where the surgery was done for SRSE control, was a successful intervention. Especially when the features are consistent -there is etiological evidence in imaging and electrical focality in studies- there can be a dramatic change in the prognosis.

Epilepsia del lóbulo temporal farmacorresistente como resultado de un programa quirúrgico / Drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy as a result of a surgical program

Introducción: La epilepsia del lóbulo temporal es la forma más común de epilepsia focal en el adulto y la que mejor responde al tratamiento quirúrgico. Objetivo: Identificar la asociación entre variables prequirúrgicas, transquirúrgicas y posquirúrgicas y la evolución en pacientes con epilepsia temporal farmacorresistente sometidos a cirugía de epilepsia. Métodos: Se estudiaron para la cirugía 24 pacientes con epilepsia temporal farmacorresistente, en el Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía, entre el año 2012 y 2020. Se utilizó el test de Fisher para identificar la asociación entre variables. Se evaluó la escala de Engel al año de la cirugía y en el último seguimiento. Resultados: Se alcanzó libertad de crisis (Engel I) en el 66,7 por ciento de los casos, según último seguimiento, con un período ente 1 a 8 años. La resección completa de la zona epileptogénica y la ausencia de crisis en los primeros 6 meses de la cirugía estuvieron relacionadas con Engel I al año y al último seguimiento. De igual forma las estadísticas estuvieron relacionadas: la ausencia de crisis posoperatorias agudas con Engel I al año y menos de 10 crisis al mes previo a la cirugía, la desaparición luego de la resección, del patrón epileptiforme encontrado en la electrocorticografía preresección, con Engel I al último seguimiento. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes operados de epilepsia del lóbulo temporal farmacorresistente quedaron libres de crisis en el último seguimiento. La resección completa de la zona epileptogénica y la ausencia de crisis en los primeros 6 meses de la cirugía estuvo asociada a las estadísticas de los resultados posquirúrgicos(AU)

Introduction: Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common form of focal epilepsy in adults and the one that best responds to surgical treatment. Objective: to identify the association between pre-surgical, intra-surgical and post-surgical variables and evolution in patients with drug-resistant temporal epilepsy undergoing epilepsy surgery. Methods: Twenty four (24) patients with drug-resistant temporal epilepsy were studied for surgery at the Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, from 2012 to 2020. Fisher's test was used to identify the association between variables. The Engel scale was evaluated one year after surgery and at the last follow-up. Results: Seizure freedom (Engel I) was achieved in 66.7 percent of the cases, according to the last follow-up, with a period between 1 and 8 years. The complete resection of the epileptogenic zone and the absence of seizures in the first 6 months after surgery were related to Engel I at one year and at the last follow-up. In the same way, the statistics were related the absence of acute postoperative crises with Engel I a year and less than 10 crises a month prior to surgery, the disappearance, after resection, of the epileptiform pattern found in the pre-resection electrocorticography, with Engel I at last follow-up. Conclusions: The majority of patients operated on for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy were seizure-free at the last follow-up. The complete resection of the epileptogenic zone and the absence of crises in the first 6 months after surgery were associated with the statistics of the postoperative results(AU)

Inteligencia artificial en la evaluación y manejo de pacientes con epilepsia / Artificial intelligence in the evaluation and management of patients with epilepsy

RESUMEN La epilepsia es una enfermedad que frecuentemente conlleva significativos niveles de morbi-mortalidad, afecta seriamente la calidad de vida y, en cerca de un tercio de los pacientes, es refractaria a diversos tratamientos. La inteligencia artificial (IA) ha beneficiado el estudio, tratamiento y pronóstico de los pacientes con epilepsia a través de los años. Estos logros abarcan diagnóstico, predicción de crisis automatizada, monitoreo avanzado de crisis epilépticas y electroencefalograma, uso de recursos genéticos en manejo y diagnóstico, algoritmos en imagen y tratamiento, neuromodulación y cirugía robótica. La presente revisión explica de forma práctica los avances actuales y futuros de la inteligencia artificial, rama de la ciencia que ha mostrado resultados prometedores en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes con epilepsia.

SUMMARY Epilepsy is a condition that frequently coexists with significant morbi-mortality levels, seriously affects the quality of life and, in up to one third of patients, is refractory to a variety of treatment approaches. Artificial intelligence (AI) has largely benefitted the study, treatment, and prognosis of patients with epilepsy through the course of recent years. These achievements applied the fields of diagnosis, automated seizure prediction, advanced seizure monitoring and electroencephalogram, use of genetics in diagnosis and management, imaging algorithms in the treatment, neuromodulation, and robotic surgery. This review conveys the actual and future directions of AI. a branch of science that has shown promising results in the treatment and diagnosis of patients with epilepsy.

Rehabilitación neuropsicológica en pacientes pre y posquirúrgicos de lobectomía temporal por epilepsia fármaco resistente / Neuropsychological rehabilitation in pre- and post-surgical temporal lobectomy patients for drug-resistant epilepsy

Introducción. La epilepsia del lóbulo temporal suele producir déficits mnésicos, atencionales y del lenguaje. En la mayoría de los casos, se trata con fármacos an-tiepilépticos, pero falla en un tercio de ellos. Por tal razón, una opción terapéutica es la lobectomía temporal, que contribuye a menguar las crisis. Sin embargo, los procedimientos quirúrgicos pueden conllevar secuelas, entre ellas consecuencias a nivel cognitivo. Para contrarrestar dichos efectos, se acostumbra llevar a cabo una rehabilitación neuropsicológica que va en pro de recuperar, fortalecer y sostener en el tiempo habilidades que ya venían afectándose desde antes de la cirugía. Objetivo. Brindar una reflexión en torno a la intervención neuropsicológica de la epilepsia en el lóbulo temporal. Método. La reflexión sobre el tema parte de un interés clínico y posteriormente se fue ampliando a partir de la revisión de la literatura en diferentes bases de datos como PubMed, Medline y Scopus entre los años 2000 y 2021. Reflexión. Son amplias las opciones terapéuticas a nivel neuropsicológico y pueden contribuir de manera positiva en la recuperación del paciente, por lo cual los profe-sionales requieren conocer las posibilidades de ello para poder utilizar las estrategias más adecuadas según cada caso y brindar opciones que beneficien la calidad de vida, teniendo en cuenta que ninguna es más efectiva que otra. Conclusión. Como resultado, se presenta un panorama general de la rehabilitación neuropsicológica en pacientes pre y posquirúrgicos con lobectomía, haciendo énfasis en la rehabilitación neuropsicológica tradicional y la rehabilitación basada en inteli-gencia artificial, realidad virtual y computación

Introduction. Temporal lobe epilepsy usually produces mnestic, attentional, and language deficits. In most cases, it is treated with antiepileptic drugs, but one third of them fail, so one therapeutic option is temporal lobectomy, which helps to reduce seizures. However, surgical procedures can have sequelae, including cognitive con-sequences. To counteract these effects, neuropsychological rehabilitation is usually carried out in order to recover, strengthen, and sustain in time skills that were already affected before the surgery. Objective. To provide a reflection on the neuropsychological intervention of tem-poral lobe epilepsy. Method. The reflection on the subject starts from a clinical interest and was sub-sequently expanded from the review of the literature in different databases such as PubMed, Medline, and Scopus between 2000 and 2021. Reflection. There are many therapeutic options at the neuropsychological level and they can contribute positively to the patient's recovery, so professionals need to know the possibilities in order to use the most appropriate strategies according to each case and provide options that benefit the quality of life, taking into account that none is more effective than the other one.Conclusion. As a result, an overview of neuropsychological rehabilitation in pre- and post-surgical patients with lobectomy is presented, with emphasis on traditional neuropsychological rehabilitation and rehabilitation based on artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and computation

Quiste cerebral como complicación tardía inusual de lobectomía temporal en epilepsia farmacorresistente: reporte de un caso / Brain cyst as an unusual delayed complication of temporal lobectomy in drug-resistant epilepsy: a case report

RESUMEN La lobectomía temporal anterior es una técnica que ha probado, con un muy alto nivel de evidencia (60-73% de los casos), alcanzar un estado libre de convulsiones en pacientes con epilepsia focal farmacorresistente del lóbulo temporal. Se trata de una técnica que aun cuando ha demostrado ser segura, no está del todo libre de complicaciones. Se han reportado, por ejemplo, cuadrantanopsia homónima superior y depresión como las complicaciones más frecuentes, en tanto que la ocurrencia de un quiste cerebral sintomático de instauración tardía es muy poco usual. Se describe el caso de una paciente sometida a lobectomía temporal derecha que presentó esta infrecuente complicación, y se incluyen una pertinente revisión de la literatura y mecanismos fisiopatogénicos propuestos.

SUMMARY Anterior temporal lobectomy is a technique that has proven, with a very high level of evidence (60-73% of the cases), to reach a seizure-free status in patients with drug-resistant focal temporal lobe epilepsy. It is a technique that although generally safe, cannot be considered entirely free of complications. Superior homonymus quadrantanopsia and depression have been reported, for instance, as the most frequent complications. While the occurrence of a late-onset symptomatic brain cyst, is very rare. The case of a patient who was subjected to right temporal lobectomy and presented this unusual complication is described here, with inclusion of a review ofpertinent literature and proposed pathophysiological mechanisms.

Epilepsia lesional de origen cerebeloso / Lesional epilepsy of cerebellar origin

El origen subcortical de la epilepsia ha sido tema de profundo debate durante muchísimo tiempo y solo se le otorgaba a las estructural subcorticales un rol en la distribución, modulación y alteración de la actividad cortical. Sin embargo, los estudios neurofisiológicos y de neuroimágenes de las últimas décadas han provisto de la información suficiente como para confirmar que algunas crisis epilépticas pueden iniciarse en estructuras subcorticales. Presentamos 4 pacientes pediátricos con lesiones cerebelosas y epilepsia refractaria, revisamos la bibliografía, analizamos las formas de presentación, los hallazgos neurofisiológicos y resultados a largo plazo con cirugía

The subcortical origin of epilepsy has been a subject of debate and only the subcortical structures were given a role in the distribution, modulation and alteration of cortical activity. However, neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies of recent decades have provided enough information to confirm the onset of some epileptic seizures in subcortical structures. We present 4 pediatric patients with cerebellar lesions and refractory epilepsy, we reviewed the literature, analyzed the forms of presentation, the neurophysiological findings and long-term results with surgery

Epilepsia farmacorresistente. Experiencia quirúrgica en el Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía (2012-2018) / Drug-resistant epilepsy. Experience with surgical treatment at the Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Havana, Cuba (2012-2018)

RESUMEN Introducción: La epilepsia es la alteración neurológica más frecuente en la población general. El objetivo de la cirugía de epilepsia es garantizar la ausencia o disminución de crisis, lo que se logra en el 80 % de los pacientes. Objetivo: Evaluar la evolución posquirúrgica y factores de buen pronóstico de los pacientes intervenidos de epilepsia farmacorresistente (EFR) en el Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo retro y prospectivo en el Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía entre enero de 2012 a mayo de 2018. Resultados: La edad del 44,8 % de los pacientes estuvo entre 21 y 30 años, el 62,1 % era del sexo masculino y el 82,8 % tenía color de piel blanca, el 31 % presentó entre 11 y 20 años de evolución. En el 75,9 % la epilepsia era lesional, el 55,2 % con localización temporal y en el 86,2 % se demostró congruencia clínica. Se utilizaron técnicas resectivas en 87,6 %. El 82,8 % no presentó crisis postoperatorias. En 62,1 % no se presentaron complicaciones. A los 3, 6 y 12 meses después de la intervención entre el 55 al 82 % de los pacientes estudiados se clasificaron como Engel clase I y clase II. Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio predominó la utilización de técnicas resectivas y la ausencia de crisis posterior a la cirugía. No se registró relación significativa entre la evolución posquirúrgica, la etiología de la epilepsia y la congruencia clínica. La presencia de lesión focal en el lóbulo temporal constituyó un factor de buen pronóstico.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Epilepsy is the most frequent neurological alteration in the general population. The objective of epilepsy surgery is to guarantee the absence or the decrease of seizures which is achieved in 67 % and 80 % of patients. Objective: To evaluate the surgical outcome and the factors for good outcome in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) who underwent surgical treatment at the Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery. Material and Methods: A retrospective prospective observational study was conducted at the Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery between January 2012 and May 2018. Results: Of all the patients studied, 44,8 % were between 21 and 30 years old, 62,1 % were male and 82,8 % were white. Also, 31 % were between 11 and 20 years of follow-up. Epilepsy was lesional in 75,9 % of patients whereas in 55,2 % of them it was located in the temporal lobe; clinical congruence was demonstrated in 86,2 % of patients. Resective techniques were used in 87,6 % of them. Besides, 82,8 % had no postoperative seizures. There were no complications in 62,1 % of patients. On the other hand, 55 and 82 % of the patients studied were classified as Engel Class I and Engel Class II at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgical intervention. Conclusions: The use of resective techniques and the absence of seizures after surgery predominated in our study. No significant relationship was found between surgical outcome, etiology of epilepsy and clinical congruence. The presence of a focal lesion of the temporal lobe was a factor for good outcome.

History and Evolution of Epilepsy Surgery

The surgical treatment for epilepsy has a worldwide historical relevance for centuries. There are archaeological reports that date it back to ancient Egypt; however, the year 1886 is considered a landmark in the surgical treatment for epilepsy in theModern Age, when the first surgery for the treatment of focal epileptic events was performed successfully. Since then, innumerable related articles have been published evoluonarily. Over the last centuries, new techniques and technologies provided better understanding, diagnosis and management for this disease. Thus, historical and evolutionary knowledge becomes important to let us better understand the current position of the surgery for epilepsy treatment and control.

How many more seizure remission can we achieve with epilepsy surgeries in a general epilepsy population?

@#Background & Objective: We knew that 63.6% of the epilepsy population can be seizure free with the use of anti-epileptic drugs (AED), but are unsure how many more with epilepsy surgeries. We aimed to determine the additional remission rate achieved with epilepsy surgeries in addition to AED. Methods: We analysed the seizure outcome among epilepsy patients seen retrospectively over oneyear period in University Malaya Medical Centre, Malaysia, which provides all levels (level 1-4) of epilepsy cares, in response to anti-epileptic drug (AED) and epilepsy surgeries. The seizure outcome was categorised into remission and drug-resistant, according to ILAE definition of drug resistance. Results: There were 909 patients seen during the study period, majority with focal epilepsy (63.3%), and Chinese (37.4%). Of those, 409 (45.0%) were in seizure remission, 238 (26.2%) had drug-resistant epilepsy and 262 (28.8%) uncertain. Only the remission and drug-resistant groups (N=647) were included in subsequent analysis. The mean age of onset in drug-resistant group was 14.8±12.3 years old, which was significantly younger than the remission group (20.8±16.8, p<0.05). There were 40 (54.8%) patients who underwent resective epilepsy surgeries (10 were lesion-negative cases). The seizure freedom rate with epilepsy surgery was 60.0% (n=24). Overall, a total of 59.5% of patients were in seizure remission with AED, with an additional 3.7% with epilepsy surgery. Conclusion: There were 3.7% of epilepsy patients achieved seizure remission with epilepsy surgeries in a general epilepsy cohort in addition to AEDs.

Consentimiento informado en pacientes con epilepsias intratables / Informed consent in patients with intractable epilepsy

La ética médica aborda, entre otros aspectos, la relación médico-paciente, de la cual se deriva el término consentimiento informado como su máxima expresión. La epilepsia afecta al 1-2 por ciento de la población mundial, y en la búsqueda de soluciones a esta enfermedad los sujetos son involucrados en diferentes tipos de estudios. En el presente trabajo se realiza una breve revisión de algunos aspectos éticos relacionados con la aprobación dada por los pacientes que padecen epilepsia o su representante legal para participar en estudios que presuponen la realización de exámenes diagnósticos y el empleo de formas novedosas de tratamiento, lo que se materializa a través del consentimiento informado. Especialmente, se hace referencia a la participación de los pacientes en ensayos clínicos y el manejo de las pacientes que quedan embarazadas en el transcurso del ensayo clínico, los efectos adversos de la medicación y de la cirugía de epilepsia(AU)

Medical Ethics addresses, among other aspects, the doctor-patient relationship from which the term informed consent is derived as its maximum expression. Epilepsy affects 1-2 percent of the world population, and in the search for solutions to this disease the subjects are involved in different types of studies. In the present paper, a brief review of some ethical aspects related to the approval given by patients suffering from epilepsy or their legal representative to participate in studies that presuppose the performance of diagnostic tests and the use of novel forms of treatment. This is materialized through informed consent. Especially, there is a reference to the participation of patients in clinical trials, and the management of patients who become pregnant during the clinical trial, the adverse effects of medication, and epilepsy surgery(AU)

Stereoelectroencephalography in Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) is an invasive technique used during the surgical management of medically refractory epilepsy. The utility of SEEG rests in its ability to survey the three-dimensional organization of the epileptogenic zone as well as nearby eloquent cortices. Once concentrated to specialized centers in Europe and Canada, the SEEG methodology has gained worldwide popularity due to its favorable morbidity profile, superior coverage of deep structures, and ability to perform multilobar explorations without the need for craniotomy. This rapid shift in practice represents both a challenge and an opportunity for pediatric neurosurgeons familiar with the subdural grid approach. The purpose of this review is to discuss the indications, technique, and safety of long-term SEEG monitoring in children. In addition to reviewing the conceptual and technical points of the diagnostic evaluation, attention will also be given to SEEG-based interventions (e.g., radiofrequency thermo-coagulation).

Application and safety of stereoelectroencephalography in invasive preoperation evaluation of drug-refractory epilepsy / 第二军医大学学报

ObjectiveTo investigate the application and safety of stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) in invasive preoperation evaluation of drug-refractory epilepsy (DRE). MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of patients with DRE who underwent SEEG implantation in Shenzhen Second People's Hospital and Shenzhen University General Hospital between Aug. 2016. and Nov. 2018. The suspicious epileptogenic focus and propagation path was proposed based on the non-invasive preoperative evaluation, and then the implantation protocol of the SEEG electrodes was designed. Finally, according to the SEEG and electrical stimulation results, the resection or thermocoagulation of suspicious epileptogenic focus was done. ResultsA total of 359 electrodes were implanted in 31 DRE patients, with an average of 11.58 per patient. There were 13 electrodes (3.62%) failed to be implanted, with no additional electrode implantation. One case of intracranial hemorrhage was noted after operation, and there was no intracranial infection or cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Twenty patients received epileptogenic zone resection, 8 received epileptic network radiofrequency thermocoagulation, 1 with epileptic foci in the eloquent cortex underwent vagus nerve stimulation, and 2 received no operation. Thirty-one DRE patients were followed up for 6-30 months, with an average of (11.68±7.46) months. Of the 20 patients who underwent epileptogenic zone resection, 17 patients (85.00%, 17/20) had grade I ILAE (International League Against Epilepsy), 2 (10.00%, 2/20) had grade II, and 1 (5.00%, 1/20) had grade III. For the 8 patients undergoing epileptic network radiofrequency thermocoagulation, 6 (75.00%, 6/8) had grade IILAE and 2 (25.00%, 2/8) had grade III. There was no significant difference in outcome between the two treatments (P=0.61). For 13 patients with negative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 10 (76.92%, 10/13) had grade I ILAE, 2 (15.38%, 2/13) had grade II, and 1 (7.69%, 1/13) had grade III; for 15 MRI-positive patients, 13 (86.67%, 13/15) had grade I ILAE and 2 (13.33%, 2/15) had grade III. There was no significant difference in outcome between MRI-positive patients and MRI-negative patients (P=0.64). ConclusionSurgical treatment of DRE patient under the guidance of SEEG is safe and effective, and SEEG can improve the accuracy of epileptogenic foci localization, no matter in MRI positive or MRI negative patients.

Stereoelectroencephalography in Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) is an invasive technique used during the surgical management of medically refractory epilepsy. The utility of SEEG rests in its ability to survey the three-dimensional organization of the epileptogenic zone as well as nearby eloquent cortices. Once concentrated to specialized centers in Europe and Canada, the SEEG methodology has gained worldwide popularity due to its favorable morbidity profile, superior coverage of deep structures, and ability to perform multilobar explorations without the need for craniotomy. This rapid shift in practice represents both a challenge and an opportunity for pediatric neurosurgeons familiar with the subdural grid approach. The purpose of this review is to discuss the indications, technique, and safety of long-term SEEG monitoring in children. In addition to reviewing the conceptual and technical points of the diagnostic evaluation, attention will also be given to SEEG-based interventions (e.g., radiofrequency thermo-coagulation).

Neuronavegación En La Planificacion Prequirúrgica Y En La Cirugia De La Epilepsia Refractaria / Neuronavigation In Pre Surgical Planning And Surgery Of Refractory Epilepsy

RESUMEN Introducción: La epilepsia es una de las patologías neurológicas crónicas más frecuentes, con una incidencia de 50/100.000/año y una prevalencia entre 0,5 y 2% a nivel mundial. Un tercio de estos pacientes son resistentes al tratamiento con fármacos antiepilépticos, lo que se conoce como epilepsia refractaria. La mayoría de estos pacientes sufren de epilepsias focales secundarias a lesiones epileptogénicas evidenciadas cada vez más frecuentemente en correlación directa con las nuevas técnicas de neuroimagen cerebral. La cirugía de la epilepsia es el único tratamiento que podría curar la epilepsia de los pacientes con epilepsia refractaria. El objetivo de la cirugía de la epilepsia es remover la zona epileptogénica con preservación de las áreas elocuentes, y aquí la experiencia quirúrgica y la tecnología de neuroimagen juegan un papel capital. Objetivos: Demostrar la utilidad de la neuronavegación en la planificación prequirúrgica y en la cirugía de la epilepsia refractaria. Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal y analítico, en base a 47 cirugías realizadas (12 resectivas, 32 paliativas y 3 diagnósticas) en pacientes con epilepsia refractaria y edad media de 9,93 años (SD 4,1). En 27 pacientes (57.44%) se utilizó el neuronavegador. En el grupo de pacientes operados con neuronavegación disminuyó el tiempo quirúrgico en 47.17 minutos (p = 0,022), la cantidad de hemorragia en 111.41 mililitros (p = 0,011) y los días de hospitalización en 6.68 días (p = 0,005), en comparación con el grupo intervenido sin neuronavegación. Las complicaciones en el grupo con neuronavegación fueron del 29,63% en comparación con 65% en el grupo intervenido sin neuronavegación (p = 0,034). Conclusiones: En nuestra serie, el uso del neuronavegador en la planificación y desarrollo de la cirugía tuvo un impacto significativo al reducir la cantidad de hemorragia perdida, el tiempo quirúrgico, los días de hospitalización, y las complicaciones postquirúrgicas.

Abstract Introduction: Epilepsy is one of the more frequent neurologic disorders, with an incidence of 50/100,000/year and prevalence between 0.5 and 2% worldwide. A third of these patients suffer focal epilepsy due to epileptogenic lesions evident by Neuroimaging new techniques. Epilepsy surgery is the only treatment that can cure refractory epilepsy. Its goal is to remove the epileptogenic lesion with preservation of eloquent areas, and in this case both surgical experience and neuroimaging technology play a pivotal role. Objective: To demonstrate utility of neuronavigation in presurgical planning and surgery of refractory epilepsy. Method: Descriptive, cross sectional and analytic study of 47 performed surgeries (12 resective, 12 palliative and 3 diagnostic) in patients with refractory epilepsy with an average age of 9.93 years (SD 4.1). In 27 patients (57.44%) neuronavigation was used. In patients operated with assistance of neuronavigation, surgical time diminished in 47.17 minutes (p=0.022), hemorrhage in 111.41 ml (p=0.011) and days of hospitalization in 6.68 days (p=0.005) comparing with group without neuronavigation. Complications in the group with neuronavigation were 29.63% compared with 65% in the group without it. (P=0,034). Conclusions: In this study, using neuronavigation in planning and performing surgery in reducing the amount of blood loss, surgical time, days of hospitalization and post surgical complications.

Verification of dipole fit source localization in patients with epilepsy using postoperative MRI

@#Objective: Dipole fit source (DFS) localisation is a non-invasive imaging process used to identify the epileptogenic zone (EZ) in the brain. The purpose of the present study was to verify the use of DFS localisation for identifying the EZ in patients with and without lesions using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: In this study, DFS localisation was used in 16 patients, of whom 7 had no lesions and 9 had lesions on MRI post-surgery, with at least 3 years of follow-up data. For DFS localisation, different scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) ictal activity was assessed (ictal spikes, rhythmic, paroxysmal fast, and obscured activity). DFSs were superimposed with postoperative MRIs to confirm the accuracy of the determined EZs. Results: The DFS correctly identified EZ localization within the resection area in 14 of the 16 patients. These 14 patients were all seizure free after surgery. The two remaining patients, in whom the DFS was adjacent to the resected area, had a decreased seizure frequency following surgery.Conclusions: DFSs determined during preoperative evaluations can provide information on EZ lateralisation and localisation and contribute to the presurgical decision process. Thus, the accurate identification of EZ boundaries is important and can be achieved more reliably with the use of multiple quantitative EEG analysis methods.

Epilepsia do lobo temporal: é possível curar? / Temporal lobe epilepsy: it is possible to cure?

Objetivos: O tratamento inicial de pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal é feito com drogas antiepilépticas, porém grande parte destes apresenta epilepsia refratária aos medicamentos e, portanto, devem ser avaliados para cirurgia de ressecção. Para tanto, este artigo fornece informações para avaliação cirúrgica e uma análise do tratamento cirúrgico nestes casos refratários da doença. Métodos: As buscas foram realizadas na base de dados MEDLINE. A estratégia de busca foi desenvolvida utilizando-se os seguintes termos de pesquisa: "temporal lobe epilepsy" AND "epilepsy surgery". Cada termo foi revisado individualmente e sinônimos de cada termo foram combinados. Os critérios de elegibilidade foram estudos realizados em humanos e com texto disponível, publicados em português ou inglês, atualizado. Resultados: De um total de 1330 artigos que foram encontrados na base de dados, 6 artigos foram incluídos nessa revisão, além das referências de livros-texto do tema. Conclusões: Surgical evaluation requires the identification of the early focus of seizures, and if that focus is in an area of the brain that can be removed with a low risk of new neurological deficits. The surgical treatment has been shown to be beneficial, allowing potentially curative ducts in patients who previously would be resistant to pharmacological treatment.

Aims: The initial treatment of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy is made with antiepileptic drugs, but a large part of these presents refractory to drugs and therefore should be evaluated for resection surgery. For both, this article provides information for surgical evaluation and an analysis of surgical treatment in these cases of refractory disease. Methods: The searches were conducted on MEDLINE database. The search strategy was developed using the following search terms: "temporal lobe epilepsy" AND "epilepsy surgery". Each term has been reviewed individually and each term synonyms were combined. The eligibility criteria were studies in humans and with text available, published in Portuguese or English, updated. Results: From 1330 articles found in the database, 6 articles were included in this review, in addition to the references to textbooks. Conclusions: Surgical evaluation requires the identification of the early focus of seizures, and if that focus is in an area of the brain that can be removed with a low risk of new neurological deficits. The surgical treatment has been shown to be beneficial, allowing potentially curative ducts in patients who previously would have been by the failure of chronic drug therapy.

Hemispherectomy in treatment of seizures: current perspectives of the indications, techniques and complications: literature review

Introducción: A hemisferectomía es un procedimiento valioso en el tratamiento de trastornos convulsivos causados por desordenes hemisféricos unilaterales. El hemisferectomía anatómica se ha utilizado para este fin desde 1938, sin embargo, se abandonó este procedimiento después de informes de complicaciones postoperatorias causadas por hemosiderosis superficial, ependimitis e hidrocefalia obstructiva. Así que, se ha mostrado en la literatura modificaciones en las indicaciones y técnicas de hemisferectomía anatómica cuya finalidad es la de reducir la incidencia de esta complicación sin dejar de lograr control de las convulsiones. Sobre la base de la literatura, la hemisferectomía mejora la calidad de vida de los pacientes que tiene la indicación para realizar este procedimiento, ya que permite reducir la frecuencia de las convulsiones, si tónica o átona, tónico-clónicas Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión de la literatura es discutir los detalles técnicos, modalidades, riesgos, complicaciones, resultados y de pronóstico de hemisferectomía basado en la revisión crítica de la literatura. Casuística y Métodos: Se realizó la consulta bibliográfica, utilizando la base de datos MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, que utiliza el lenguaje como criterios de selección, la elección de los artículos recientes preferiblemente en portugués, español o inglés. Conclusión: Según las referencias, hemisferectomía es un procedimiento con buen resultado para las personas con convulsiones derivadas cuando está indicado para casos seleccionados y la tasa de éxito no es proporcional a la extensión de la resección del tejido neuronal. A mayor resección puede o no reducir la frecuencia de las crisis, sin embargo, la incidencia de la morbilidad puede ser mayor.

Background: The hemispherectomy is a valuable procedure in the management of seizure disorders caused by unilateral hemispheric disease. The anatomical hemispherectomy has been used for this purpose since 1938, however, it was abandoned after reports of postoperative complications caused by superficial hemosiderosis, ependymitis and obstructive hydrocephalus. So that, it has been showed modifications in the techniques of hemispherectomy whose the purpose is reduce the incidence of this complications while still achieving seizure control. Based on literature, the hemispherectomy improves the quality of life of patients that has the indication to perform this procedure because it allows reducing the frequency of seizures, whether tonic or atonic, tonic-clonic. Aim: The aim of this literature review is discuss the indications, technical details, modalities, risks, complications, results as well de prognosis of callosotomy based on critical literature review and the authors experience. Casuistry and Methods: It was performed bibliographical consultation, using the databases MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, utilizing language as selection criteria, choosing preferably recent articles in Portuguese, Spanish or English. Conclusion: According to references, the functional hemispherectomy has a good outocome for those with seizures arisin when indicated to selected cases and the success rate is not proportional to the extent of neuronal tissue resection. So that, a greater resection cannot necessarily reduce the seizure frequency, however the morbidity may also be larger.